Global climate change and its effect on water resources have further reduced the amount of water available for agriculture. Under this circumstance, the use of pressurized irrigation systems can be an option of enhancing the efficiency of water consumption. The mobile rain gun is very useful equipment which can be used for irrigating large areas and it works at a minimum pressure of 2kg/cm² . The mobility of the equipment is possible at minimum pressure of 6kg/cm² pressure. For the calculation of uniformity in irrigation catch can test were conducted at various pressure by using various nozzle. The Christiansen’ s equation for uniformity was used for calculation purpose. The grid is plotted for the spacing 3x3 meters and it covers an area of about 360m² . The maximum uniformity was noted in the 12mm nozzle at 2kg/cm² pressure. The uniformity is much reduced for the high pressure due to wind drift and pressure fluctuations. The contour graphs were also used to find out the area of highly uniform distribution. The tape was used for measuring the throw range of rain gun during operation. The throw range varies from 8 to 30m for 10mm at 2kg/cm² and 14mm at 6kg/cm² respectively. The distribution graph was drawn to find out the change in distribution of water along with the change in distance from the rain gun. The rain gun is designed to irrigate large area by using a single unit so the distribution is more for large ranges compared to the places which are nearer to the implement. One of the major problem occur during the sprinkler irrigation is evaporation loss of spraying water. The distribution of water depended upon the things like pressure, climatic condition, wind speed, wind direction and the temperature.

We know that language is constantly and gradually evolving. So, the mobility and evolution of words according to social, cultural, historical, etc. are inevitable. The contact of different languages and cultures throughout history leads to the travel of these words from one language to another, which sometimes leads to linguistic and phonetic changes. The presence of French words in Persian as the most common traveller words among European languages in Persian follows the same approach. These French words inhabit Persian language due to linguistic and cultural differences and other various reasons. The inequality in the number of traveller words and the flow of this amount of words from French to Persian have historical reasons which are due to the result of language contact. Despite the existence of suitable equations, there are also traveller words still alive in Persian language according to some reasons. However, there is no appropriate information about number of these traveller words, more or less, in some specialized fields. In this article, according to the theory of Galisson and observing 1577 specialized words in the Dictionary French Loanwords in Persian NEDA, we examine the domains of these words using statistical analysis. This article, deals with obtaining the percentage of words that exist in each field and will analyse the reasons of their travel.

Leprosy is an endemic mycobacterial infection caused by acid-fast bacilli (M. leprae) mainly involving the skin and the peripheral nerves 1, 2. The means of transmission is not fully understood 3; individuals with sufficient exposure and susceptibility to M. leprae complex may develop a broad range of clinical manifestations, which vary depending upon the host's ability to mount an acquired immune response to infection 3, 4. The spectra of immunological mechanisms can mimick connective tissue disorders 5.Here we report a case of 31-year-old man, traveling from Ghana to Italy in 2016; the initial clinical findings (bullous erysipelas of the hands and hypotrophy of the hypotenar region with the flexion of the fourth and fifth proximal interphalangeal joints) suggested possible leprosy, but the skin biopsies were negative for mycobacteria. Over the following six years, the biochemical and hystopathological data together with the symptoms developed by the patient, have been evaluated separately by the various specialists (dermatologists, rheumatologists and nephrologists), with final diagnosis of lupus. Therefore, clinicians started immunosuppressive treatment, without improvement. The absence of acid-fast bacilli in the skin biopsies and the lack of neurological manifestations delayed the diagnosis until the general conditions worsened (increase of proteinuria, generalized oedema, recurrence of skin ulcers, appearance of annular lesions); the patient was transferred to Referral Hospital to be tested for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The clinical, serological and histological similarities between leprosy and autoimmune diseases may lead to erroneous and delayed diagnosis, with potential clinical and emotional sequelae requiring long-life care.

Introduction: Primary care practitioners and travel medicine physicians are primarily responsible for identifying individuals who may be unfit for overseas travel and consulting with them pre-travel. Pre-existing medical conditions such as cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory conditions and diabetes mellitus (DM) have the potential to complicate travel journeys. A considerable percentage of travel-associated illness may be due to the decompensation of a pre-existing medical condition. This review seeks to address the challenges faced by travellers with each of these conditions, including recently updated and evidence-based practical approaches for travel with comorbidities. Methods: Sources for this review were identified through searches of PubMed/Google Scholar for materials published between 1st January 2000 and 31st December 2019, using combinations of search terms. Results: The volume of literature on travelling with a pre-existing condition exploded with more than 865 associated articles indexed on the PubMed alone as of March 2020. After screening titles, abstracts and, in some cases, the full text version of indexed articles, 121 articles were deemed relevant to the subject matter of this review. Conclusion: Rational approaches to pre-planning for travel with a medical condition will contribute to the prevention of problems while in transit as well as when at the travel destination. It is imperative for health care providers to be aware of the preventative measures and current recommendations that should be taken before and during travel to protect individuals with a chronic illness. Further research and studies should be directed to protect this vulnerable group of travellers.

Introduction: A cluster of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) linked to an international traveller was reported in Kedah, Malaysia in July 2020. This study aimed to report data of a local community cluster of COVID-19 with a view to document the lessons learnt and to identify key points for future containment strategy in response of the ongoing pandemic. Methods: Epidemiological and clinical data from individuals with confirmed cases of COVID-19 within this cluster were collected via interviews and in-patient medical records. All data were analysed, and socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of all cases were presented. Results: Total of 31 cases of COVID-19 were confirmed and linked epidemiologically in Kedah state. The index case was identified and reported to breach quarantine order for international traveller given by health authority. The virus transmission widely spread among family members, restaurant customers and later in the community. Conclusion: Non-adherence to the preventive measures is the driving factor for the widespread of this cluster infection. Active contact tracing, aggressive containment measures, and effective risk communication are important to control the virus transmission in this locality.